Introduction:

We present a 44-year-old male patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, diagnosed with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is an opportunistic viral infection caused by the John Cunningham virus, characterized by multifocal involvement of the central nervous system. The primary objective of treatment is to restore the immune system and suppress the John Cunningham virus. Therapeutic non-adherence and/or resistance of the human immunodeficiency virus to antiretrovirals predispose patients to opportunistic infections such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and tuberculosis.

Objectives:

To present a case of co-infection of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, and to conduct a literature review.

Materials and methods:

Bibliographic search in SciELO and PubMed. Case report based on clinical records.

Results:

Opportunistic infections caused by pathogens considered innocuous, such as the John Cunningham virus, frequently occur in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, manifesting as severe conditions. Antiretroviral treatment is essential.

Conclusion:

To prevent immunosuppression and consequent opportunistic infections in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, antiretroviral treatment must be initiated in a timely manner, regardless of the CD4 count. In this report, complementary studies—supported by the clinical history and physical examination—enabled a timely and accurate diagnosis.

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