<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2409-8752</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Científica de la UCSA]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. ciente. UCSA]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2409-8752</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad del Cono Sur de las Américas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2409-87522026000100086</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/ucsa/2409-8752/2026.013.01.086</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Dismorfia muscular y síntomas de salud mental en adultos urbanos físicamente activos de Paraguay: estudio transversal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Muscle dysmorphia and mental health symptoms among physically active urban adults in Paraguay: a cross-sectional study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcelo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almirón-Santacruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcelo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caycho-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tomás]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventriglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castaldelli-Maia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Los Lagos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Osorno ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Sudamericana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Salto del Guairá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Científica del Sur  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lima ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Foggia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Foggia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of São Paulo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Rosa del Aguaray ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>86</fpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2409-87522026000100086&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2409-87522026000100086&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2409-87522026000100086&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La vigorexia y la dismorfia muscular son problemáticas emergentes de salud mental, especialmente entre adultos físicamente activos expuestos a ideales corporales intensificados por redes sociales. Este estudio analizó la relación entre ejercicio físico, imagen corporal y bienestar psicológico en 153 adultos urbanos del Paraguay. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, práctica de actividad física, consumo de suplementos y uso de redes sociales, junto con medidas psicométricas validadas: Cuestionario del Complejo de Adonis (ACQ), Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory (MDDI), Body Esteem Scale (BES), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS) y Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale&#8211;21 (DASS-21). Los resultados mostraron una alta prevalencia de síntomas depresivos, ansiosos y de estrés (58,2% en cada caso). El ACQ se asoció positivamente con el tiempo de ejercicio, la preocupación corporal y los puntajes de dismorfia muscular; en contraste, la autoestima corporal se relacionó inversamente con la distorsión muscular. El uso de redes sociales se vinculó con mayor comparación corporal y menor autoestima. También se observaron diferencias significativas por sexo y ocupación en dismorfia muscular y malestar emocional, destacándose mayor vulnerabilidad en varones y estudiantes trabajadores. El 39,2% reportó uso de suplementos, más de la mitad sin supervisión profesional. Los hallazgos indican que la combinación de ejercicio intenso, exposición a ideales corporales irreales y suplementación no regulada configura un patrón de riesgo para la salud mental. Se requieren estrategias preventivas que incluyan educación en imagen corporal, promoción de hábitos saludables y detección temprana de vigorexia y dismorfia muscular en entornos deportivos y comunitarios.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Muscle dysmorphia and vigorexia have emerged as significant mental health concerns, particularly among physically active adults exposed to intensified body ideals through social media. This study examined the relationship between physical exercise, body image, and psychological well-being in 153 urban adults from Paraguay. Sociodemographic variables, physical activity patterns, supplement use, and social media exposure were included, along with validated psychometric measures: the Adonis Complex Questionnaire (ACQ), Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory (MDDI), Body Esteem Scale (BES), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale&#8211;21 (DASS-21). Results showed a high prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms (58.2% in each case). The ACQ was positively associated with exercise time, body-related concerns, and muscle dysmorphia scores; conversely, body esteem was inversely associated with muscular distortion. Social media use was linked to greater body comparison and lower self-esteem. Significant differences by sex and occupation were observed for muscle dysmorphia and emotional distress, with higher vulnerability noted among men and working students. Additionally, 39.2% of participants reported supplement use, more than half without professional supervision. Overall, the findings indicate that the combination of intense exercise, exposure to unrealistic body ideals, and unsupervised supplementation constitutes a risk pattern for mental health. Preventive strategies should include body image education, promotion of healthy behavioral habits, and early detection of vigorexia and muscle dysmorphia in sports and community settings.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dismorfia muscular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vigorexia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imagen corporal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ejercicio físico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salud mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[muscle dysmorphia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vigorexia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[body image]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exercise]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mental health]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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