<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2709-0817</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista investigaciones y estudios-UNA]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Investig. estud. UNA]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2709-0817</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica-UNA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2709-08172025000100097</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/rdgic.investig.estud.una.2025.junio.2916014312</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Productividad y Competencia en sistemas de cultivo asociado de maíz (Zea mays L.) y poroto (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) con y sin inoculación en Paraguay]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Productivity and competition in associated corn (Zea mays L.) and bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cropping systems with and without inoculation in Paraguay]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armadans-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enciso-Maldonado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz-Alfonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aldo Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedrozo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Monserrat]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad San Carlos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica &#8220;Nuestra Señora de la Asunción&#8221; Unidad Pedagógica Hohenau ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Itapúa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>97</fpage>
<lpage>104</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2709-08172025000100097&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2709-08172025000100097&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2709-08172025000100097&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El maíz y el poroto son cultivos fundamentales para la agricultura familiar campesina paraguaya, pero su producción está limitada por la baja fertilidad del suelo y la necesidad de optimizar luz, agua y nutrientes. Con el objetivo de evaluar la productividad y la interacción competitiva de ambas especies, se realizó un experimento en Sexta Línea-San Francisco (Caaguazú), bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cinco tratamientos: (T1) monocultivo de maíz, (T2) monocultivo de poroto sin inocular, (T3) asociación maíz-poroto sin inocular, (T4) monocultivo de poroto con inoculante y (T5) asociación maíz-poroto con inoculante. Los materiales utilizados fueron maíz híbrido BR-106, poroto variedad San Francisco, e inoculante Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1x1010 UFC/ml, 200 ml por 100 kg de semilla). Se cuantificó el rendimiento individual y total de cada cultivo. Además, se estimaron la Relación Equivalente de Tierra (RET) y la Relación Competitiva (RC). Se incluyó un análisis de varianza y la prueba de Tukey (5%), mientras que RET y RC se evaluaron mediante la prueba t de Student. El T1 fue el más productivo con 6281 kg/ha, seguido por T5 con 5195 kg/ha (p&lt;0,0001). El rendimiento del poroto fue significativamente mayor (p=0,0002) en monocultivo con inoculante (2334 kg/ha) que sin inoculante (1803 kg/ha). La inoculación en el cultivo asociado mejoró la eficiencia de uso de recursos, reflejada en mayores rendimientos (6832 kg/ha) y RET, indicando que maíz-poroto con inoculación optimiza la productividad familiar en Paraguay.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Corn and bean are fundamental crops for Paraguayan family-based peasant agriculture, yet their production is limited by low soil fertility and the need to optimize light, water, and nutrients. To evaluate the productivity and competitive interaction of both species, an experiment was conducted in the Sexta Línea-San Francisco locality (Caaguazú) using a randomized complete block design with five treatments: (T1) corn monoculture, (T2) bean monoculture without inoculant, (T3) corn-bean association without inoculant, (T4) bean monoculture with inoculant, and (T5) corn-bean association with inoculant. The BR 106 hybrid and the San Francisco bean variety were used, along with a Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant (1×1010 CFU/ml, 200 ml per 100 kg of seed). Individual and total crop yields were measured, and the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and Competitive Ratio (CR) were calculated. Yield data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey&#8217;s test (5%), while LER and CR were evaluated via Student&#8217;s t-test. The corn monoculture (T1) was the most productive, with 6281 kg/ha, followed by T5 with 5195 kg/ha (p&lt;0.0001). Bean yield was significantly higher (p=0.0002) in monoculture with inoculant (2334 kg/ha) compared to the non-inoculated monoculture (1803 kg/ha. Inoculation in the associated cropping system improved resource-use efficiency, reflected in higher yields (6832 kg/ha) and LER values, indicating that the corn-bean system with inoculation optimizes family-based agricultural productivity in Paraguay.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agricultura familiar campesina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relación equivalente de la tierra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relación competitiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agricultura sostenible.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Family farming]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[land equivalent ratio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[competitive ratio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sustainable agriculture]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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