<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2072-8174</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista del Nacional (Itauguá)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Nac. (Itauguá)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2072-8174</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hospital Nacional (Itauguá)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2072-81742022000100005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/rdn2022.jun.01.005.017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Alteraciones del estado ácido básico en pacientes adultos con insuficiencia renal crónica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Acid-base status alterations in adult patients with chronic renal failure]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Real-Delor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy-Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tatiana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta-Benítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mirian María Belén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar-Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orlando Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Báez-Benítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hilda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espínola-Cáceres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Araceli Noemi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel-Zarza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleitas-Candia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo Federico José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Florentín-Chaparro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa Noemí]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giménez-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maira Violeta]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray-Saiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Adela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monges-Villalba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucas Gilberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schubert-Cantero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guido Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada del Este Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>17</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2072-81742022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2072-81742022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2072-81742022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  el portador de insuficiencia renal crónica puede presentar diversas alteraciones del estado ácido básico, siendo la acidosis metabólica la más frecuente.  Objetivos:  describir las características demográficas y clínicas y las alteraciones del estado ácido básico de pacientes adultos que ingresan con insuficiencia renal crónica en dos centros hospitalarios del Paraguay.  Metodología:  se aplicó un diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyó a sujetos adultos de ambos sexos, portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica, que acudieron al Hospital Nacional (Itauguá) y Hospital Militar (Asunción) entre abril y noviembre del 2021. Se midieron variables antropométricas, clínicas y laboratoriales al ingreso. Los datos se sometieron a estadística descriptiva con el programa Epi Info 7&#8482;. El estudio contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay.  Resultados:  se incluyó a 148 sujetos, siendo 78 (52,7 %) varones con edad media 58 ± 16 años y 70 (47,3 %) mujeres con edad media 54 ± 17 años. Las etiologías más frecuentes de la insuficiencia renal crónica fueron la diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial (44,5 %). Se detectó 12 sujetos (8,1 %) con gasometría normal. La alteración del estado ácido básico más frecuente fue la acidosis metabólica (87,2 %), predominando en este grupo los casos con brecha aniónica normal.  Conclusiones:  las alteraciones del estado ácido básico predominantes en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica fue la acidosis metabólica con brecha aniónica normal. Se sugiere aplicar los cálculos de los mecanismos compensadores para llegar al diagnóstico certero de estas alteraciones metabólicas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  the carrier of chronic renal failure can present various alterations of the basic acid state, being the metabolic acidosis the most frequent.  Objectives:  to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and alterations in the acid-base status of adult patients admitted with chronic renal failure in two hospitals in Paraguay.  Methodology:  an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design was applied. Adult subjects of both sexes, carriers of chronic renal failure, who attended the National Hospital (Itauguá) and the Military Hospital (Asunción) between April and November 2021 were included. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory variables were measured at admission. The data was submitted to descriptive statistics with the Epi Info 7&#8482; program. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay.  Results:  148 subjects were included, being 78 (52.7 %) men with a mean age of 58 ± 16 years and 70 (47.3 %) women with a mean age of 54 ± 17 years. The most frequent etiologies of chronic renal failure were diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension (44.5 %). 12 subjects (8.1 %) with normal blood gases were detected. The most frequent alteration of the acid-base status was metabolic acidosis (87.2 %), with cases with normal anion gap predominating in this group.  Conclusions:  the predominant acid-base status alterations in patients with chronic renal failure was metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap. It is suggested to apply the calculations of the compensatory mechanisms to arrive at the accurate diagnosis of these metabolic alterations.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[insuficiencia renal crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[equilibrio ácido base]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gasometría arterial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acidosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alcalosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chronic renal failure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acid-base balance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[arterial blood gases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acidosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[alkalosis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Webster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagler E]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic kidney disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>389</volume>
<numero>10075</numero>
<issue>10075</issue>
<page-range>1238-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fatoba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ST]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217; Callaghan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lasserson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abramowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acid base balance and progression of kidney disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>406-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Iorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Micco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marzocco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Simone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Blasio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sirico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Very low-protein diet (VLPD) reduces metabolic acidosis in subjects with chronic kidney disease: The &#8220;Nutritional light signal&#8221; of the renal acid load]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrients]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dietary treatment of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrients]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>512</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carnauba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baptistella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paschoal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hübscher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diet-induced low-grade metabolic acidosis and clinical outcomes: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrients]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>538</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donapetry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calviño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adeva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Metabolic acidosis-induced insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Metab Syndr Relat Disord]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>247-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of acute metabolic acidosis: A pathophysiologic approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>589-601</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raphael]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beddhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Serum bicarbonate and mortality in adults in NHANES III]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nephrol Dial Transplant]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1207-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trastornos ácido-base: fisiopatología, etiología y abordaje]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Med Costa Rica Centroamer]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>618</numero>
<issue>618</issue>
<page-range>83-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamilton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connolly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maxwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding acid-base disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ulster Med J]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>161-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurtz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of acute non-anion gap metabolic acidosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Kidney J]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>93-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meza García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disturbios del estado ácido-básico en el paciente crítico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta méd. peruana]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>46-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcázar Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albalate Ramón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Sequera Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trastornos del metabolismo ácido-base]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nefrología al Día]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>221-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JQ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Metabolic acidosis and strong ion gap in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biomed Res Int]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2014</volume>
<page-range>819528</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Claessens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darmon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klouche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lautrette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis: guidelines from a French expert panel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Intensive Care]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera Carrasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trastornos del equilibrio ácido-base]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Med La Paz]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>65-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acidosis metabólica. Conceptos actuales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Pediátrica Elizalde]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>1-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saínz Menéndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alteraciones del equilibrio acido básico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cuba Cir.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caravaca-Fontán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Campillejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valladares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Arnaldo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barroso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acidosis metabólica en la enfermedad renal crónica: dificultades para una corrección adecuada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nefrología]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>328-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Review of the diagnostic evaluation of normal anion Gap metabolic acidosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Kidney Dis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>149-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fores-Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diez-Fores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilera-Celorrio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of acid-base balance. Stewart's approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>212-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differential diagnosis of nongap metabolic acidosis: value of a systematic approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin J Am Soc Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>671-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug-induced metabolic acidosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[F1000Research]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>1460</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamarra Fleitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaesken Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frutos López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galeano Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Características clínicas de la anemia en la enfermedad renal crónica de pacientes del Hospital Nacional en 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev virtual Soc Parag Med Int]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Salinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gavilán Herreros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Insfrán Echauri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sisa Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santa Cruz Segovia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detección de enfermedad renal crónica oculta en personas del Bañado Sur de Asunción]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev virtual Soc Parag Med Int]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors for mortality in hemodialysis patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ren Fail]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1394-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaggl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cejka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plischke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraunschiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic metabolic acidosis: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (SoBic-Study)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trials]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>196</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
