<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2617-4731</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Soc. cient. Parag.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2617-4731</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Científica del Paraguay]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2617-47312018000200175</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32480/rscp.2018-23-2.175-198</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Protección contra la exposición a bajas dosis de radiación ionizante: Un paradigma en evolución. (Una aproximación a qué y cuánto es una dosis baja)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Protection against to low doses exposure of ionizing radiation: An evolving paradigm. (An approximation to what and how much is a low dose)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abel Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear Argentina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>198</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2617-47312018000200175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2617-47312018000200175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2617-47312018000200175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo es abordar la protección contra las situaciones de exposición a la radiación ionizante a dosis bajas y su dilema aparentemente irresoluble: ¿deberían las personas estar protegidas contra las situaciones de exposición a la radiación a dosis bajas ?, o, a la inversa, ¿deberían estas situaciones de exposición ser ignoradas o incluso bienvenidas? Se describe el status actual de la protección radiológica para situaciones que involucren bajas dosis de radiación. El enfoque incluye: (i) un resumen de las respuestas científicas (principalmente de la radiobiología, la radioepidemiología y la radiopatología), así como de las recomendaciones y estándares de organismos internacionales; y (ii) una descripción del paradigma actual de protección radiológica que explora diversas interpretaciones, especialmente aquellas que han generado temor público de bajas dosis de radiación y sanciones injustificadas para la sociedad. Se presentan nuevos desarrollos sugeridos actualmente para resolver el dilema, haciendo especial hincapié en un consenso internacional que se haya logrado en el más alto nivel científico dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Científico de las Naciones Unidas para el Estudio de las Radiaciones Atómicas (UNSCEAR). El nuevo consenso distingue la atribución objetiva de los efectos en la salud a situaciones de exposición retrospectiva, versus la inferencia subjetiva del riesgo potencial de radiación de las situaciones de exposición prospectiva, y concluye que los incrementos en la incidencia de los efectos en la salud de las poblaciones no se pueden atribuir de manera confiable a situaciones de exposición a dosis bajas. Es así que la atribución objetiva de los efectos en la salud a las situaciones de exposición a dosis bajas (ya sean efectos negativos, positivos o neutros) cae fuera del alcance de las ciencias relevantes debido a las limitaciones epistemológicas. Para esas situaciones, la ciencia puede ayudar a proporcionar robustez para inferencias subjetivas de resultados probables, pero no para atribuir efectos. Se concluye que los estándares de protección de dosis bajas deben basarse en decisiones legislativas y reglamentarias en lugar de en modelos científicos de respuesta a la radiación. Un paradigma internacional evolutivo de protección radiológica, basado en el consenso de la ONU, podría proporcionar una base para resolver el enigma de las dosis bajas y apoyar esas decisiones. La responsabilidad recae en los legisladores y reguladores más que en los científicos. El momento parece estar maduro: para que (i) los legisladores utilicen el concepto legal bien establecido de &#8220;de minimis non curat lex&#8221; y excluyan de la ley las situaciones de exposición a dosis bajas que no puedan ser reguladas, y (ii) los reguladores utilicen el viejo concepto de &#8220;minimis non curat prætor&#8221; y eximan de las regulaciones las dosis derivadas de situaciones de exposición a dosis bajas que no justifiquen su control.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective is to address the issue of protecting against situations of exposure to ionizing radiation at low doses and its seemingly intractable dilemma: should people be protected against situations of radiation exposure at low doses?, or conversely, should these exposure situations be ignored or even welcomed? The current status of radiation protection is described for situations involving low radiation doses. The approach includes: (i) a summary of the scientific responses (mainly from radiobiology, radioepidemiology and radiopathology), as well as the recommendations and standards from international organizations; and (ii) a description of the current radiological protection paradigm that explores diverse interpretations, especially those that have generated public fear of low doses of radiation and unjustified sanctions for society. New developments currently suggested to solve the dilemma are presented, with special emphasis on an international consensus that has been achieved at the highest scientific level within the United Nations system, the United Nations Scientific Committee for the Study of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The new consensus distinguishes the objective attribution of health effects to situations of retrospective exposure, versus the subjective inference of the potential radiation risk of prospective situations of exposure, and concludes that the increases in the incidence of health effects of populations can not be reliably attributed to low doses exposure situations. Thus, the objective attribution of health effects to low doses exposure situations (whether negative, positive or neutral) falls outside the scope of the relevant sciences due to epistemological limitations. For those situations, science can help providing robustness for subjective inferences of likely outcomes but not for attributing effects. It is concluded that low dose protection standards should be based on legislative and regulatory decisions rather than on scientific models of radiation response. The evolving international paradigm of radiation protection, based on UN consensus, could provide a basis for solving the enigma of low doses and supporting those decisions. The responsibility rests with legislators and regulators rather than scientists. The moment seems to be ripe: for (i) legislators to use the well- established legal concept of "de minimis non curat lex" and to exclude from the law situations of exposure to low doses that can not be regulated, and (ii) regulators to use the old concept of "minimis non curat prætor" and and exempt from regulations the doses from low-dose exposure situations that do not justify their control.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[radiación ionizante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dosis bajas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[efectos estocásticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estándares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ionizing radiation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[low doses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stochastics effects]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[standards]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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