<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2521-2281</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Medicina clínica y social]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Med. clín. soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2521-2281</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Filial de Santa Rosa del Aguaray, Cátedra de Socioantropología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2521-22812025000100216</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52379/mcs.v9.600</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Discrimination capacity of the pirate test to detect vision disorders in preschool children]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Capacidad discriminatoria de la prueba pirata para detectar trastornos de la visión en niños en edad preescolar]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ku Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenny Kam Lin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osada Liy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ku Lu]]></surname>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Esther]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samudio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Vision  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Piura ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lima ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Pacífico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>216</fpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2521-22812025000100216&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2521-22812025000100216&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2521-22812025000100216&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  The presence of amblyopia due to untreated vision disorders is a serious global problem, which prevalence will increase from 13 to 26% in 2060. Despite having stablished screening programs for early detection of vision disorders in schools and training teachers for the correct use of ophthalmic instruments. However, due to the high rate of false positive results, its validity decreased. This situation implies the need to find a simple, low cost and reproducible test that allows the detection of vision disorders without prior ophthalmological knowledge, which is the main reason why the Pirate Test was proposed.  Objective:  To determine the discrimination capacity of Pirate Test to detect vision disorders in preschool children in Piura city.  Methodology:  Diagnostic study test (&#8220;Pirate Test&#8221;) was applied to 447 preschoolers by their parents and then they were evaluated by an ophthalmologist who determined if they really had vision disorders and specify the validity of the applied Test through the analysis of its sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and ROC curve using SPSS v16.  Results:  The Se and Sp values to detect refractive errors were 85.4% and 78.8%, whereas for amblyopia the values were 83% and 93.7%, respectively. Also, ROC curves in both cases reported good discrimination capacity to detect visual disorders and amblyopia.  Conclusion:  Pirate Test has good discrimination capacity to detect visual disorders and amblyopia in preschoolers. The cut-off point was less than 5 minutes, which implies that the possibility of having important visual disorders or amblyopia is high.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  La presencia de ambliopía debido a trastornos de la visión no tratados es un grave problema mundial, cuya prevalencia aumentará del 13 al 26 % en 2060. A pesar de haber establecido programas de detección temprana de trastornos de la visión en las escuelas y de haber formado a los maestros en el uso correcto de los instrumentos oftalmológicos. Sin embargo, debido a la alta tasa de resultados falsos positivos, su validez disminuyó. Esta situación implica la necesidad de encontrar una prueba sencilla, de bajo costo y reproducible que permita la detección de trastornos de la visión sin conocimientos oftalmológicos previos, lo que es la razón principal por la que se propuso la Prueba del Pirata.  Objetivo:  Determinar la capacidad de discriminación de la Prueba del Pirata para detectar trastornos de la visión en niños en edad preescolar en la ciudad de Piura.  Metodología:  Se aplicó una prueba de estudio diagnóstico (la «prueba del pirata») a 447 niños en edad preescolar por parte de sus padres y, a continuación, fueron evaluados por un oftalmólogo que determinó si realmente tenían trastornos de la visión y especificó la validez de la prueba aplicada mediante el análisis de su sensibilidad (Se), especificidad (Sp) y curva ROC utilizando SPSS v16.  Resultados:  Los valores de Se y Sp para detectar errores refractivos fueron del 85.4 % y del 78.8 %, mientras que para la ambliopía los valores fueron del 83 % y del 93.7 %, respectivamente. Además, las curvas ROC en ambos casos mostraron una buena capacidad de discriminación para detectar trastornos visuales y ambliopía.  Conclusión:  La prueba Pirate Test tiene una buena capacidad de discriminación para detectar trastornos visuales y ambliopía en niños en edad preescolar. El punto de corte fue inferior a 5 minutos, lo que implica que la posibilidad de padecer trastornos visuales importantes o ambliopía es alta.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Screening]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vision Disorders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Amblyopia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Preschool (MeSH)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Detección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastornos de la visión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ambliopía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Preescolar (MeSH)]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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