<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2307-3349</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de salud publica del Paraguay]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. salud publica Parag.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2307-3349</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD - MSP Y BS]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2307-33492021000100067</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/rspp.2021.junio.67</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ansiedad y depresión en relación a noticias sobre COVID-19: un estudio en población general paraguaya]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Anxiety and depression in relation to news about COVID-19: A study in general Paraguayan population]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicolás]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcelo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noelia Ruiz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Israel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melgarejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Osvaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solís]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villalba-Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castaldelli-Maia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventriglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Cátedra de Psiquiatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social Instituto Nacional de Salud Dirección de Investigación y Publicaciones Científicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Dirección de Investigación]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coronel Oviedo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Filial Santa Rosa del Aguaray]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Rosa del Aguaray ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación de ABC Escuela de Medicina Departamento de Neurociencias]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santo André ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de São Paulo Escuela de Medicina Departamento de Psiquiatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Foggia Departamento de Medicina Clínica y Experimental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Foggia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Facultad de Filosofía Carrera de Psicología Comunitaria]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Leonardo Da Vinci Facultad en Ciencias de la Salud Carrera de Medicina]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Salto del Guairá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>67</fpage>
<lpage>73</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2307-33492021000100067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2307-33492021000100067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2307-33492021000100067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción: Se ha notado un aumento de cuadros psicopatológicos (ansiedad, depresión) tras el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. El flujo constante de información relacionada con la pandemia puede contribuir a este hecho.  Objetivo:  Determinar la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, y su relación con las noticias sobre COVID-19 en población general.  Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de asociación cruzada, de corte transversal y prospectivo. Una encuesta en línea fue difundida a nivel nacional a través de redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) y aplicaciones de mensajería (Whatsapp, Telegram). El cuestionario Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) se utilizó para medir síntomas de ansiedad. Síntomas depresivos fueron evaluados con el Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para todas las variables. Para buscar asociaciones se utilizaron la prueba t de Student y ANOVA.  Resultados: Participaron 1108 personas (media de edad = 35 ± 13 años). Su principal fuente de información fue Twitter (37,5 %). En el 88,4 % de los participantes, la información provenía del Ministerio de Salud Pública o agencias de salud. En cuanto a ansiedad, el 67,9 % de la muestra obtuvo al menos 1 punto en el CAS y el puntaje medio de la escala fue de 2,89 ± 3,4. Según los puntos de corte del PHQ-2, el 26,1 % de la muestra obtuvo puntajes indicativos de depresión.  Conclusión:  Se ha observado como la exposición constante a información referente al COVID-19 puede resultar en mayores niveles de ansiedad y depresión.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  An increase in the prevalence of psychopathological conditions (anxiety, depression) has been noted after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The constant flow of information related to the pandemic can contribute to this fact.  Objective:  To determine the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and their relationship with news about COVID-19 in the general population.  Methodology:  Descriptive, of cross-association, cross-sectional and prospective study. An online survey was disseminated nationwide through social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) and messaging applications (WhatsApp, Telegram). The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) questionnaire was used to measure anxiety symptoms. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Descriptive statistics were used for all variables. Student's t-test and ANOVA were used to search for associations.  Results:  1108 people responded (mean age = 35 ± 13 years). The main source of information was Twitter (37.5%). In 88.4% of the participants, the information came from the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare or health agencies. Regarding anxiety, 67.9% of the sample obtained at least 1 point on the CAS and the mean score on the scale was 2.89 ± 3.4. According to the cut-off points of the PHQ-2 (Cronbach's alpha = 0.833), 26.1% of the sample obtained scores indicative of depression.  Conclusion:  It has been observed that constant exposure to information regarding COVID-19 can result in higher levels of anxiety and depression.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ansiedad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[depresión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[noticias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Paraguay.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anxiety]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[depression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[news]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Paraguay]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castaldelli-Maia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventriglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Soc Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>317-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petkova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A global needs assessment in times of a global crisis: world psychiatry response to the COVID-19 pandemic.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BJPsych Open.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DePierro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lessons learned from 9/11: Mental health perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>288</volume>
<page-range>113024</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: managing challenges through mental health service reform.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Biol Sci.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1741-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dubey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biswas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghosh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chatterjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dubey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chatterjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychosocial impact of COVID-19.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Metab Syndr.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>779-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychiatrist in post-COVID-19 era - Are we prepared?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian J Psychiatr.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>102082</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajkumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian J Psychiatr.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>102066</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whaibeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Telemental Health in the Context of a Pandemic: the COVID-19 Experience.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Treat Options Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Locke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am Fam Physician.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>617-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gosling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vazire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[John]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OP.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am Psychol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>93-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Death Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Use of Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Res Sci Educ]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>1273-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caycho-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barboza-Palomino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventura-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbajal-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noé-Grijalva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallegos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Traducción al español y validación de una medida breve de ansiedad por la COVID-19 en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ansiedad y Estrés]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2;3</numero>
<issue>2;3</issue>
<page-range>174-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kroenke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spitzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Care.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1284-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kroenke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spitzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gen Intern Med.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>606-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventriglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients referred to the psychiatry unit of the emergency department at the National University of Asunción&#8217;s General Hospital, Paraguay.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Cult Ment Health.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>233-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cuántos sujetos necesito para mi estudio?.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medwave]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilakkuvan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villanti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patterns of Social Media Use and Their Relationship to Health Risks Among Young Adults.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adolesc Health.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>158-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schofield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differences in Rural and Urban Health Information Access and Use.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Rural Health.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>405-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Self-Perceived Stress During the Quarantine of COVID-19 Pandemic in Paraguay: An Exploratory Survey.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>558691</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Padilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tortolero-Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social media influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. braz j urol.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>^sl1</numero>
<issue>^sl1</issue>
<supplement>l1</supplement>
<page-range>120-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidal-Alaball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Downing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Seguí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 and the 5G Conspiracy Theory: Social Network Analysis of Twitter Data.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Internet Res.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tapia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 and Fake News in the Dominican Republic.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Trop Med Hyg.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1172-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes Brites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betancour Lustó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samaniego Pinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ansiedad y depresión en personas con obesidad de Paraguay.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Salud &amp; Sociedad.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>38-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Autoestima en estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[An. Fac. Cienc. Méd.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>27-31</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GTF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hahm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>290</volume>
<page-range>113172</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Özdin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayrak Özdin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[&#350;.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Soc Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>504-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pieh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Budimir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Probst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Psychosom Res.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<page-range>110186</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DN.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Percepción del riesgo de la enfermedad COVID-19 y sus factores relacionados en Paraguay.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Nac.(Itauguá).]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>04</volume>
<page-range>15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tariku]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohammedhussein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dule]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Depression, Anxiety and Associated Factors Among Chronic Medical Patients Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, Mettu, Ethiopia, 2020.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>2511-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>288</volume>
<page-range>112992</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: managing challenges through mental health service reform.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Biol Sci.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1741-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karako]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19: Real-time dissemination of scientific information to fight a public health emergency of international concern.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biosci Trends.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chatterjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barikar C]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health problems.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian J Psychiatr.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>102071</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holingue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badillo-Goicoechea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riehm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veldhuis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thrul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults without a pre-existing mental health condition: Findings from American trend panel survey.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prev Med.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>139</volume>
<page-range>106231</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinkham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ackerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Depp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Longitudinal Investigation of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Individuals with Pre-existing Severe Mental Illnesses.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>294</volume>
<page-range>113493</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
