<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2307-0420</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cirugía paraguaya]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Cir. Parag.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2307-0420</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Paraguaya de Cirugía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2307-04202019000100012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/sopaci.2019.abril.12-15</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[MEDIASTINITIS AGUDA. ANALISIS RETROSPECTIVO DE 12 CASOS]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[ACUTE MEDIASTINITIS. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF 12 CASES]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zelada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ismael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chong]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agüero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Facultad de Ciencias Medicas Hospital de Clínicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>12</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2307-04202019000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2307-04202019000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2307-04202019000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La mediastinitis aguda es la infección o inflamación del tejido conectivo laxo que envuelve el mediastino. Las causas más frecuentes son las originadas por perforación esofágica, absceso cervical y cirugía cardiaca. El tratamiento temprano adecuado contribuye a la reducción de la mortalidad.  Objetivo: Exponer la experiencia del Departamento de Cirugía Torácica del Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo en el manejo de lamediastinitis aguda de 2016 a 2018.  Material y Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, del 2016 al 2018.  Resultados:  12 pacientes conmediastinitis aguda, con predominio del sexo masculino, con 43 años de edad en promedio. Las causas fueron la perforación esofágica por ingesta de cuerpo extraño y la de origen odontógeno. El germen más frecuente fue el Streptococcussp. Se realizó toracotomía y/o cervicotomía en 75% de los casos. La demora para consultar fue de 4,58 días en promedio y la estancia hospitalaria de 19,2 días. El derrame pleural fue la única complicación encontrada en el 33% de los pacientes. La mortalidad fue del 25%.  Conclusión: En nuestra serie, se presentó una mortalidad elevada. La perforación esofágica fue la causa más frecuente, con predominio en hombres, con 43 años de edad en promedio.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Acute mediastinitis is the infection or inflammation of the connective tissue that surrounds the mediastinum. The most frequent causes are those caused by esophageal perforation, cervical abscess and cardiac surgery. Early treatment can reduce mortality.  Objective:  Present the experience of the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Hospital of Clinics of San Lorenzo in the management of acute mediastinitis from 2016 to 2018.  Material and Methodology:  Observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study, from 2016 to 2018.  Results :  12 patients with acute mediastinitis, predominantly male, with an average of 43 years of age. The causes were perforation by the foreign body and odontogen origin. The most frequent germ was Streptococcus sp. Thoracotomy and / or cervicotomy were performed in 75% of the cases. The delay to consult was 4.58 days on average and the hospital stay of 19.2 days. Pleural effusion was the only complication found in 33% of patients. The mortality was 25%.  Conclusion:  In our series. Esophageal perforation was the most frequent cause, with predominance in men, with an average of 43 years of age.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mediastinitis aguda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perforación esofágica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[absceso cervical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acute mediastinitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[esophageal perforation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cervical abscess]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Vallina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triviño Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mediastinitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archivos de Bronconeumología]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>32-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varghese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum and Mediastinitis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<edition>6th</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier Saunders]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mangram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>247-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knoefel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Swallowed Foreign Bodies in Adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dtsch Arztebl Int]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
<page-range>869-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mediastinitis después de cirugía cardíaca]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EMC-Anestesia-Reanimación]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Exarhos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malagari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsatalou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peppas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotanidou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute mediastinitis: spectrum of computed tomography findings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Radiology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1569-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liebermann-Meffert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siewert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Boerhaave's syndrome: analysis of the literature and report of 18 new cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diseases of the Esophagus]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>64-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Esophageal Trauma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>46-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makeieff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gresillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berthet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crampette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marty-Ane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<page-range>772-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mediastinum, Its Compartments, and the Mediastinal Lymph Nodes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LoCicero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[General Thoracic Surgery]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<edition>7th</edition>
<page-range>2556-8</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[LWW]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wall Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Esophageal Perforations: New Perspectives and Treatment Paradigms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1173-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ewing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hardy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ID]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mediastinum]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hammond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Glenn&#8217;s thoracic &amp; cardiovascular surgery]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<edition>5th</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Norwalk (CT) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Appleton &amp; Lang]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marty-Ane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berthe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pegis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouviere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis: An Aggressive Treatment for an Aggressive Disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>212-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Natta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lannetoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute necrotizing mediastinitis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deslauriers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lerut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luketich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pearson&#8217;s thoracic &amp; esophageal surgery]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<edition>3rd</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Churchill Livingstone]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isowa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kijima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasegawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chihara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Successful Thoracoscopic Debridement of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<page-range>1834-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corsten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Odell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frederico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laframboise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal treatment of descending necrotising mediastinitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thorax]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>702-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eroglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Can Kürkçüoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karaoglanoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tekinbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Y&#305;maz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ö]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baßoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Esophageal perforation: the importance of early diagnosis and primary repair]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diseases of the Esophagus]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>91-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiernan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheridan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hettrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaughan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thoracic esophageal perforation: one surgeon&#8217;s experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diseases of the Esophagus]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>24-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seppala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pitkaranta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kivilaakso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous rupture and functional state of the esophagus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Surgery]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>897-900</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotsis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agocs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kovacs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transhiatal closure of right-sided rupture after a left pneumonectomy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>246-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salminen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gullichsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of esophageal perforations and anastomotic leaks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Surg Endosc]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>1526-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schroeyers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wellens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Degrieck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Geest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Praet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vermeulen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aggressive primary treatment for poststernotomy acute mediastinitis: our experience with omental- and muscle flaps surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>743-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kouchoukos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A rational approach to wound difficulties after sternotomy: reconstruction and long-term results]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1419-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chinh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ND]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chuong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prise en charge des mediastinites et des abces mediastinaux : a propos de 56 observations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annales de chirurgie]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>570-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gustafsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sjoegren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingemansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deep sternal wound infection: a sternal-sparing technique with vacuum-assisted closure therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>2048-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Factores de Riesgo de mortalidad en la mediastinitis aguda]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Razafimanjato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ralaizafindraibe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramarolahy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajaonera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rakotovao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute descending necrotizing mediastinitis: four years of experience at a hospital center in Madagascar]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medecine et Sante Tropicales]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>297-301</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindenmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neuboeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smolle-Juettner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of Esophageal Perforation in 120 consecutive patients: Cllinical impact of a Structured Treatment Algorithm]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1036-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chinh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ND]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chuong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prise en charge des mediastinites et des abces mediastinaux: a propos de 56 observations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annales de chirurgie]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>570-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macrí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis descriptivo de una serie de casos diagnosticados de mediastinitis aguda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Bronconeumol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>428-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jankowska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catrambone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Passalli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leoncini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: ten years' experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ear, Nose &amp;Throat Journal]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>776-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descending necrotizingmediastinitis:A10-year surgical experience in a single institution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<page-range>191-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheatley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stirling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis: Transcervical Drainage Is Not Enough]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>780-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Misthos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katsaragakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kakaris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theodorou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skotts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descending Necrotizing Anterior Mediastinitis: Analysis of Survival and Surgical Treatment Modalities. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Surgery]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>635-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cunha Fatureto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves Das Neves Junior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cunha de Santana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mediastinite aguda. Análise retrospectiva de 21 casos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Bras Pneumol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>307-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomaselli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smolle-Juttner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of Iatrogenous Esophagus Perforation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>168-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jougon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mc Bride]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delcambre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minniti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Primary esophageal repair for Boerhaave's syndrome whatever the free interval berween perforation and treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>475-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freeman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vallières]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verrier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ED]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karmy-Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis: An Analysis of the effects of serial surgical debridement on patient mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>260-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
