<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1996-3696</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista del Instituto de Medicina Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Inst. Med. Trop.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1996-3696</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Medicina Tropical]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1996-36962026000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/imt/2026.21.1.1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Perfiles de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en bacterias de importancia clínica: resultados de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia de la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos. Paraguay, 2024]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in clinically important bacteria: results from the National Network for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Paraguay, 2024]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melgarejo Touchet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Busignani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofía]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunjo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pamela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natalie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orrego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gimenez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leticia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública Dpto. Bacteriología y Micología. Sección Antimicrobianos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Trauma  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Previsión Social Hospital Central ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Medicina Tropical  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Nacional de Itauguá  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Itauguá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Hospital de Clínicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Bautista  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario San Lorenzo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General Pediátrico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Meyer Lab  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A11">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Medico La Costa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A12">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sanatorio AMSA  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A13">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y del Ambiente  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A14">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General San Lorenzo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A15">
<institution><![CDATA[,CEDIPAS  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A16">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Materno Infantil San Pablo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A17">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A18">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Adventista de Hohenau  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hohenau ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A19">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Regional de Villa Hayes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villa Hayes ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A20">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Filadelfia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Filadelfia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A21">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Materno Infantil Santísima Trinidad  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A22">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sanatorio Migone  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A23">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Regional de Pedro Juan Caballero  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pedro Juan Caballero ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A24">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Santa Julia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A25">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Especialidades Quirúrgicas-IPS  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A26">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Cardiología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1996-36962026000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1996-36962026000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1996-36962026000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Introducción: La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) constituye una de las principales amenazas para la salud pública mundial. Los sistemas de vigilancia permiten monitorear las tendencias de resistencia bacteriana, orientar las políticas terapéuticas y las estrategias de prevención y control de infecciones. Objetivo: Evaluar los perfiles de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de bacterias de importancia clínica en Paraguay durante el año 2024. Materiales y método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 3.745 aislamientos de datos provenientes de 30 laboratorios de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia de la RAM. Los aislamientos fueron identificados y sometidos a pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en los laboratorios participantes; los resultados consolidados y analizados en formato WHONET en el Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública. La interpretación de los perfiles de susceptibilidad se realizó siguiendo criterios del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados: Acinetobacter baumannii presentó los mayores niveles de resistencia. Klebsiella pneumoniae mostró resistencia a imipenem (36,9%) y a meropenem (35,1%), con sensibilidad a tigeciclina del 91,8%. En Staphylococcus aureus, tanto en aislamientos hospitalarios como comunitarios, se evidenció una resistencia a eritromicina del 65,7% y 64,5% respectivamente y a clindamicina del 17,6% y 16,4%. Enterococcus faecium presentó resistencia a vancomicina del 92,5%. Escherichia coli mostró una sensibilidad superior al 90% frente a carbapenémicos y colistina. Conclusiones: La RAM se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en Paraguay tanto en el ámbito hospitalario como comunitario. Nuestros hallazgos evidencian desafíos que demandan el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia nacional, la optimización terapéutica y la rigurosidad en las medidas de prevención y control de infecciones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes one of the primary threats to global public health. Surveillance systems enable the monitoring of bacterial resistance trends, guiding therapeutic policies and infection prevention and control strategies. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinically significant bacteria in Paraguay during 2024. Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted on 3,745 isolates from 30 laboratories within the National AMR Surveillance Network. Isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) at participating laboratories; results were consolidated and analyzed using WHONET software at the Central Laboratory of Public Health. Susceptibility profiles were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Results: Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited the highest levels of resistance. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistance to imipenem (36.9%) and meropenem (35.1%), while maintaining a 91.8% sensitivity to tigecycline. In both hospital and community isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, resistance to erythromycin was 65.7% and 64.5%, respectively, and 17.6% and 16.4% for clindamycin. Enterococcus faecium demonstrated a 92.5% resistance to vancomycin. Escherichia coli showed sensitivity greater than 90% to carbapenems and colistin. Conclusions: AMR is widely distributed in Paraguay across both hospital and community settings. Our findings highlight challenges that demand the strengthening of national surveillance, therapeutic optimization, and rigor in infection prevention and control measures.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia bacteriana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Paraguay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vigilancia epidemiológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[WHONET]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Acinetobacter baumannii]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Escherichia coli]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Paraguay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Surveillance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[WHONET]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Acinetobacter baumannii]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Escherichia coli]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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