<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1816-8949</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[An. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Asunción)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1816-8949</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[EFACIM. Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1816-89492025000300103</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/anales/2025.058.03.103</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Neurobiología de la violencia y la agresión: Efectos de la adversidad temprana en el cerebro humano y la salud mental]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Neurobiology of Violence and Aggression: Effects of Early Adversity on the Human Brain and Mental Health]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Matthias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matias Ezequiel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cáceres-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Insaurralde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ailen Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Campus Itapúa, Facultad de Filosofía y Ciencias Humanas, Carrera de Psicología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Encarnación ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>103</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1816-89492025000300103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1816-89492025000300103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1816-89492025000300103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el impacto de la neurobiología y la adversidad temprana en el comportamiento violento y sus efectos en la salud mental. Es una revisión de la literatura, en la que se utilizó bases de datos académicas como Pubmed, Scopus y Scielo, con palabras clave: "neurobiología", "violencia" y "adversidad temprana". Fueron seleccionados 57 artículos de unos 91 identificados, y se tuvo en cuenta la relevancia y calidad metodológica. Se analizó 45 de ellos. Un hallazgo fue la exposición temprana a la violencia con un impacto significativo en el desarrollo del cerebro que aumenta el riesgo de comportamiento violento en la edad adulta. Los comportamientos violentos y trastornos de salud mental se asociaron con alteraciones de regiones cerebrales como la amígdala y la corteza prefrontal, que desempeñan un papel fundamental en la regulación emocional y la toma de decisiones. Como conclusión se observa que la exposición temprana a la adversidad aumenta el riesgo de comportamiento violento. Para diseñar estrategias de intervención que promuevan la salud mental y fortalezcan factores protectores, en personas expuestas a la violencia, se precisa la comprensión de la neurobiología de la violencia. Es fundamental para el abordaje de este problema y la creación de un entorno más seguro y saludable, contar con la colaboración de investigadores, profesionales y responsables de políticas públicas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the impact of neurobiology and early adversity on violent behavior and its effects on mental health. This is a literature review utilizing academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, with the keywords: 'neurobiology,' 'violence,' and 'early adversity.' Fifty-seven articles were selected from 91 identified, taking into account relevance and methodological quality; 45 of these were analyzed. One finding was that early exposure to violence has a significant impact on brain development, increasing the risk of violent behavior in adulthood. Violent behaviors and mental health disorders were associated with alterations in brain regions such as the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, which play a fundamental role in emotional regulation and decision-making. In conclusion, it is observed that early exposure to adversity increases the risk of violent behavior. Understanding the neurobiology of violence is necessary to design intervention strategies that promote mental health and strengthen protective factors in individuals exposed to violence. Collaboration among researchers, professionals, and policymakers is fundamental for addressing this problem and creating a safer and healthier environment.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neurobiología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[adversidad temprana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo cerebral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salud mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neurobiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[early adversity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[brain development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mental health]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neurobiology of aggression and violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dialogues Clin Neurosci.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>287-92.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coccaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kavoussi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fluoxetine and impulsive aggression in personality disorder patients.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Gen Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1081-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shonkoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McEwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>301</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>2252-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega-Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcázar-Córcoles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neurobiología de la agresión y la violencia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[An Psicol Juríd.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>60-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The nature of human aggression.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Law Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>202-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bushman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human aggression.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Psychol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>27-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolutionary psychology of lethal interpersonal violence. In: Heitmeyer W, Hagan J, editors. International handbook of violence research]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>p.141-68</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcázar-Córcoles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patrones de conducta y personalidad antisocial en adolescentes: estudio transcultural en El Salvador, México y España; tesis doctoral.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Gronde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kempes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van El]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rinne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pieters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neurobiological correlates in forensic assessment: a systematic review.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Paraguay. Ministerio Público. Fiscalía General del Estado</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Violencia familiar: casos registrados 2023.]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio Público]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Paraguay. Biblioteca y Archivo del Congreso Nacional</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Leyes paraguayas 2024.]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[BACN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Paraguay. Biblioteca y Archivo del Congreso Nacional</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ley N° 7018/2022. De salud mental.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Biblioteca y Archivo del Congreso Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brain Cogn.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>198-208.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray-Close]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of autonomic system coordination in relations between peer factors and aggressive behavior in early childhood.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol.]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>693-708</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neural foundations of moral reasoning and antisocial behavior.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>203-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Busso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLaughlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brueck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peverill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheridan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Child abuse, neural structure, and adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal study.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>321-8.e1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaloupek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Streeter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eliez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreased anterior cingulate volume in combat-related PTSD.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>582-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cassiers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LLM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabbe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BGC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmaal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veltman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penninx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BWJH.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with exposure to different childhood trauma subtypes: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>329</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neurobiology of aggression and violence.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>165</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>429-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caspi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McClay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moffitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Craig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>297</volume>
<numero>5582</numero>
<issue>5582</issue>
<page-range>851-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyrka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to stress in healthy adults reporting significant childhood maltreatment.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1080-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dannlowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuhrmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beutelmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zwanzger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grotegerd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Limbic scars: long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>286-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teicher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Neurosci.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>652-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berkowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnerstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huesmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The influence of media violence on youth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Sci Public Interest.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>81-110.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyrka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to stress in healthy adults reporting significant childhood maltreatment.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1080-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newport]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilcox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonsall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>27-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Funk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baldacci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumgardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Adolesc.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amdur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liberzon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kantor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emotional processing in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a comparison with traumatized and normal controls.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Anxiety Disord.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>219-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marques-Feixa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fañanás]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las consecuencias neurobiológicas del maltrato infantil y su impacto en la funcionalidad del eje HHA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicopatol Salud Ment]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>M4</volume>
<page-range>11-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ospina Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación de la función del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal en niños tratados con esteroides]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Lab.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>111-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann N Y Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1094</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The neurobiology of violence. In: Sell R, Shadoin NA, editors. Handbook of violence risk assessment and treatment: new approaches for mental health professionals.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>p. 91-106</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weissberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Brien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fredericks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Resnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Promoting healthy adolescent development: a comprehensive approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Public Health.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>201-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resilience in developing systems: progress and promise as the fourth wave rises.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dev Psychopathol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>921-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burchinal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandergrift]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pianta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mashburn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicting child outcomes at the end of kindergarten from the quality of pre-kindergarten teacher-child interactions.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Dev Sci]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>140-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crowley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early social-emotional functioning and public health: the relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Public Health.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>2283-90.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From genes to brain to antisocial behavior.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Dir Psychol Sci.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>323-8.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dadds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faulkner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Callous-unemotional traits in children and mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love: a treatment target?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Child Psychol Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>771-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knopf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neurobiological research for mental health: challenges and opportunities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Health Care Poor Underserved.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>769-81.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bilukha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crosby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fullilove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liberman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[First reports evaluating the effectiveness of strategies for preventing violence: early childhood home visitation.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Prev Med.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1 Suppl</numero>
<issue>1 Suppl</issue>
<page-range>S116-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hossain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sultana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ELJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HU]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can neurobiology of violence inform prevention of violence and criminality? A scoping review of the literature.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Public Health]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>e356-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hardcastle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sethi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butchart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Public Health]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>e356-66.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The neurobiology of aggression and violence.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CNS Spectr.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>254-79.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLaughlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Green]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaslavsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Psychiatry.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>197</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>378-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Widom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maxfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An update on the &#8220;cycle of violence&#8221;. Research in Brief.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>1-8</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington (DC) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dodge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pettit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Child Dev.]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>648-3.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shonkoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McEwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>301</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>2252-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonagy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luyten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Attachment, mentalization and trauma: then (1992) and now (2022)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brain Sci]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>459</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
