<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1812-9528</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Mem. Inst. Investig. Cienc. Salud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1812-9528</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1812-95282025000100601</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18004/mem.iics/1812-9528/2025.e23162501</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La asociación entre Toxoplasma gondii y la esquizofrenia: revisión narrativa de la evidencia seroepidemiológica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The association between Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia: a narrative review of the seroepidemiological evidence]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arévalos Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alanis Mabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>601</fpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1812-95282025000100601&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1812-95282025000100601&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1812-95282025000100601&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La esquizofrenia es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico complejo, cuya etiología involucra la interacción entre factores genéticos y ambientales. Dentro de estos últimos, la infección por Toxoplasma gondii ha sido propuesta como un posible factor de riesgo, debido a su capacidad para establecer infecciones latentes en el sistema nervioso central y modular funciones neuroinmunológicas. Esta revisión analiza la evidencia disponible sobre la relación entre T. gondii y la esquizofrenia en el contexto seroepidemiológico. Numerosos trabajos reportan una mayor seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-T. gondii en pacientes con esquizofrenia en comparación con controles sanos, con variaciones regionales significativas. Asimismo, algunos estudios encuentran niveles de anticuerpos más elevados en pacientes, lo que sugiere una respuesta inmune más activa o persistente. Sin embargo, los resultados son inconsistentes, y varios estudios no logran demostrar asociaciones significativas. Esta heterogeneidad podría explicarse por diferencias metodológicas, factores sociodemográficos, variabilidad genética y comorbilidades infecciosas. Los datos respaldan parcialmente la hipótesis de que T. gondii actúa como un cofactor dentro de un modelo etiológico multifactorial. Se destaca la necesidad de investigaciones longitudinales y controladas que permitan clarificar la relación temporal y los mecanismos subyacentes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with a multifactorial etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Among the latter, Toxoplasma gondii infection has been proposed as a potential risk factor, given its ability to establish latent infections in the central nervous system and modulate neuroimmune functions. This review analyzes the existing evidence on the association between T. gondii and schizophrenia. Numerous studies report higher seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls, with marked regional variability. Additionally, some studies show higher antibody titers among patients, suggesting a more active or sustained immune response. However, findings are inconsistent, and several studies fail to detect significant associations. This heterogeneity may be due to methodological differences, sociodemographic factors, genetic variability, and comorbid infections. Overall, current evidence partially supports the hypothesis that T. gondii acts as a cofactor within a broader multifactorial model of schizophrenia. Further longitudinal and well-controlled studies are needed to clarify the temporal relationship and underlying mechanisms.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Toxoplasma gondii]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[esquizofrenia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seroprevalencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infección crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Toxoplasma gondii]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[schizophrenia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seroprevalence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chronic infection]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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