<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1683-9803</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Pediatría (Asunción)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Pediatr. (Asunción)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1683-9803</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Paraguaya de Pediatría]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1683-98032026000100078</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31698/ped.53012026010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de la composición energética de la leche materna de inicio versus final: estudio comparativo en banco de leche humana]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of the energy composition of initial and hind-stage breast milk: a comparative study in a human milk bank]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal Giménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenya Arami]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaparro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giménez Nuñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad Rocio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlene]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta Beatriz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General de Luque Departamento de Pediatría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Luque ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital San Pablo Banco de Leche Humana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Previsión Social Departamento de Urgencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>78</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1683-98032026000100078&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1683-98032026000100078&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1683-98032026000100078&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  La leche materna presenta variaciones nutricionales significativas entre la etapa inicial y final de una misma toma. La leche de inicio (secretada al comienzo de la extracción) se caracteriza por mayor contenido acuoso, lactosa e inmunoglobulinas, mientras que la leche final (extraída al término de la toma) contiene concentraciones significativamente mayores de lípidos y mayor densidad calórica, constituyendo la principal fuente energética para el lactante. Caracterizar estas diferencias es fundamental para optimizar su utilización en la alimentación neonatal.  Objetivo: Analizar la composición nutricional en cuanto al contenido graso y densidad calórica de la leche materna, comparando las diferencias entre etapa inicial y final para promover su utilización óptima en recién nacidos a término y prematuros.  Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo analítico comparativo en un banco de leche durante junio a diciembre de 2024. Se analizaron 100 muestras de leche materna (50 de inicio y 50 final) de donantes sanas. El contenido graso se determinó mediante crematorito y se calculó la densidad calórica usando fórmulas estándar. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y análisis de correlación con significancia p&lt;0.05.  Resultados:  La leche final mostró contenido graso significativamente superior (4.8 ± 1.2 g/dL) comparando con leche de inicio (2.1 ± 0.8 g/dL) (p&lt;0.001). La densidad calórica fue mayor en leche final (610 ± 85 kcal/L) versus inicio (430 ± 65 kcal/L) (p&lt;0.001). Se encontró correlación positiva significativa entre contenido graso y valor energético (r=0.89, p&lt;0.001).  Conclusiones:  La leche final presenta composición nutricional significativamente superior en contenido graso y densidad calórica, justificando protocolos diferenciados de clasificación para optimizar la alimentación neonatal según necesidades específicas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction: Breast milk exhibits significant nutritional variations between the initial and hind-stages of a single feeding. Initial-stage milk (expressed at the beginning of expression) is characterized by higher water content, lactose, and immunoglobulins, while hind-stage milk (expressed at the end of the feeding) contains significantly higher concentrations of lipids and greater caloric density, constituting the main energy source for the infant. Characterizing these differences is fundamental to optimizing its use in neonatal feeding.  Objective: To analyze the nutritional composition, specifically fat content and caloric density, of breast milk, comparing the differences between the initial and hind-stages to promote its optimal use in term and preterm newborns.  Materials and Methods: We conducted a comparative, descriptive, analytical and observational study at a milk bank from June to December 2024. One hundred breast milk samples (50 initial and 50 hind-stage) from healthy donors were analyzed. Fat content was determined using crematorium chloride, and caloric density was calculated using standard formulas. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were applied, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: hind-stage milk showed a significantly higher fat content (4.8 ± 1.2 g/dL) compared to initial-stage milk (2.1 ± 0.8 g/dL) (p &lt; 0.001). Caloric density was higher in hind-stage milk (610 ± 85 kcal/L) versus initial-stage milk (430 ± 65 kcal/L) (p &lt; 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between fat content and energy value (r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001).  Conclusions:  Hind-stage milk has a significantly higher nutritional composition in terms of fat content and caloric density, justifying differentiated classification protocols to optimize neonatal feeding according to specific needs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Leche humana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bancos de leche]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nutrición neonatal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[macronutrientes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crematocrito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Human milk]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[milk banks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neonatal nutrition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[macronutrients]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[crematocrit]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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