Investigación Agraria

Replacing corn by dried citrus pulp in diets for lambs: productive performance and characteristics of non-carcass components

RESUMEN La pulpa cítrica deshidratada (PCD), es un subproducto altamente energético con potencial para substituir los granos de cereales para la alimentación de animales domésticos. Treinta y dos corderos machos castrados, cruza Santa Inés × Texel fueron empleados con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la substitución del maíz por PCD sobre el desempeño productivo y características de los componentes no carcasa. La inclusión de PCD en la ración en proporciones de 0; 20; 40 y 60% de sustitución del maíz en base seca constituyeron los cuatro tratamientos 0PCD, 14PCD, 29PCD y 43PCD. El delineamiento utilizado fue el de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos fueron sometidos a ANAVA y las medias comparadas por el test de Duncan (p<0.05). Fue verificado que el peso vivo (PV=39,5 kg) y el peso de carcasa (PC=19,3 kg), resultó menor para 0PCD en comparación a los demás tratamientos con niveles crecientes de sustitución del maíz (p<0,02). El rendimiento promedio de la canal fue de 48,75%. El peso del Tracto Gastrointestinal (TGI) del 29PCD presentó un peso neto mayor (7,1 kg) con respecto al 0PCD y al 14PCD (p<0,042). El menor peso neto del conjunto retículo-rumen fue hallado en los animales que consumieron maíz en un 100% como fuente de energía de la ración con 2,81 kg y el mayor peso fue encontrado en el 29PCD con 3,95 kg (p<0,02). No se encontraron diferencias (p˃0,05) en los demás componentes del TGI, en la grasa total y en los pesos netos de los distintos órganos vitales.

ABSTRACT Dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) is a highly energetic by-product with the potential to substitute cereal grains for domestic animals feeding. Thirty-two castrated male lambs, crossbred Santa Inés × Texel were employed to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn by DCP on productive performance and non-carcass components characteristics . The inclusion of DCP in the ration in proportions of 14.47; 28.94 and 43.41% of DM constituted the four treatments 0PCD, 14PCD, 29PCD and 43PCD. The delineation was the complete random blocks (blocked by weight) with four replicates. Data were submitted to ANAVA and the means were compared by the Duncan test (P <0.05). It was verified that the live weight (PV = 39.5 kg) and the carcass weight (PC = 19.3 kg) were lower for 0PCD compared to the other treatments with increasing level of corn substitution (p <0.02). The average yield of the carcass was 48.75%. The gastrointestinal tract weight (GIT) of 29PCD had a higher net weight (7.1 kg) compared to 0PCD and 14PCD (p<0.042). The lowest net weight of the reticulum-rumen set was found in animals that consumed 100% corn as a feed energy source with 2.81 kg and the highest weight was found in 29PCD with 3.95 kg (p <0.02). There were no differences (p>0.05) in the other components of GIT, in total fat and in the net weights of the different vital organs.

Effect of common bean cultivation with co-inoculation (Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense) and irrigation depths on the physiological quality of the seeds produced

RESUMO Durante a produção de sementes, os nutrientes (nitrogênio) e condições climáticas (água) podem afetar a sua qualidade fisiológica. A influência do cultivo do feijoeiro com a utilização de técnicas mais sustentáveis como a co-inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e a redução da lâmina de irrigação sobre a qualidade da semente produzida deve ser analisada. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes oriundas do cultivo de feijão submetido à inoculação e co-inoculação com Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense sob duas lâminas de irrigação. O delineamento experimental em campo foi em blocos casualizados com tratamentos dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram alocadas as duas lâminas de irrigação (recomendada para o feijão e 75% da recomendada) e nas subparcelas foram alocadas as cinco formas de fornecimento de nitrogênio (testemunha sem inoculação com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura; 80 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura sem inoculação; inoculação de A. brasilense com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura; inoculação de R. tropici com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura; e co-inoculação de A. brasilense e R. tropici com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura), com quatro repetições. O cultivo do feijoeiro com aplicação de 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura sem inoculação proporciona qualidade fisiológica de sementes satisfatória, não havendo a necessidade de aplicação de maiores doses de nitrogênio e inoculação. As sementes de feijoeiro podem ser produzidas com a lâmina de 75% da recomenda, sem diminuição da sua qualidade.

ABSTRACT During seed production, nutrients (nitrogen) and climatic conditions (water) can affect their physiological quality. Therefore, the influence of common bean cultivation with the use of more sustainable techniques such as co-inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the reduction of the irrigation depth on the quality of the seed produced should be analyzed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds coming from the common bean cultivation submitted to inoculation and co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense under two irrigation depths. The experiment conducted in the field consisted of randomized blocks with a split-plot design with two irrigation depths as plots (recommended and 75% of the recommended) and five forms of nitrogen supply as subplots (control non-inoculated with 40 kg ha- 1 of nitrogen in topdressing; control non-inoculated with 80 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing; A. brasilense inoculation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing; R. tropici inoculation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing; and co-inoculation of A. brasilense and R. tropici with 40 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing). Common bean cultivation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing without inoculation provides satisfactory physiological quality of seeds, and there is no need to apply higher doses of nitrogen and inoculation. Bean seeds can be produced with the recommended 75% depth, without decrease their quality.

Effects of five planting density on pea lines Pisum sativum L. with the mutant gene afila

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación se enfocó en evaluar el efecto de cinco densidades de siembra sobre el comportamiento agronómico de cinco líneas de arveja Pisum sativum L. modificadas con el gen mutante afila (af). Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un diseño experimental de Bloques completos al azar con arreglo en parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. La parcela principal correspondió a las líneas con gen af y las subparcelas a las densidades D1: 100.000, D2: 200.000, D3: 50.000, D4: 83.333 y D5: 166.666 plantas por hectárea. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas para el efecto de la densidad sobre las variables número de vainas por planta y rendimiento; para el efecto línea no hubo diferencias estadísticas, solamente para la variable, relación grano/vaina. La densidad de 100.000 plantas por hectárea fue el ajuste agronómico, que permitió obtener el mayor rendimiento proyectado con 15,81 t ha-1, respecto a las otras densidades evaluadas; en cuanto a los genotipos, el testigo variedad Andina y las líneas UNIFI4 y UNIFI2 mostraron el mejor resultado para rendimiento y fueron estadísticamente similares con 13,72; 12,18 y 11,47 t ha-1, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of five planting densities on the agronomic behavior of five lines of pea Pisum sativum L. modified with the mutant gene afila (af). This research was developed in the department of Nariño, Colombia. For the statistical analysis, an experimental design of complete random blocks was used, with divided plots and three replicates. The main plot corresponded to the lines with gene af and the subplots at the densities D1: 100.000, D2: 200.000, D3: 50.000, D4: 83.333 and D5: 166.666 plants per hectare. Statistical differences were presented for the effect of density on the number of pods per plant and yield; for the effect of the genotype there were no statistical differences, only for the variable, relationship grain/pod. The density of 100.000 plants per hectare was the agronomic adjustment, which allowed to obtain the highest projected yield with 15,81 t ha-1, with respect to the other evaluated densities; in terms of genotypes, the Andina variety and the lines UNIFI4 and UNIFI2 showed the best result for yield and were statistically similar with 13,72; 12,18 and 11,47 t ha-1, respectively.

Effects temperature on soybean and corn in Mato Grosso do Sul

RESUMO A influência do clima sobre a agricultura tem sido constantemente discutida no cenário acadêmico. Neste âmbito, os resultados apresentados pelo relatório do Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) demonstram que o setor mais afetado é a agricultura. O Brasil tem um papel importante neste contexto, enquanto grande produtor agrícola mundial. Este artigo tem como objetivo verificar os efeitos, sem levar em consideração a produção dos grãos de cada cultura e sim a temperatura mínima sobre as culturas de milho e soja, nos municípios de Campo Grande, Chapadão do Sul, Dourados, Maracaju e São Gabriel do Oeste no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul no período de 2008 a 2014, onde a probabilidade mais recorrente de temperatura são de 5ºC a 14ºC. Observou-se que existe grande variabilidade de temperatura em Campo Grande de 14,70% para três geadas. Chapadão do Sul, a predominância é de 17,25% de ocorrer quatro geadas. Em Dourados pode-se verificar que existe a predominância de duas geadas é 27,07%. Maracaju podem ocorrer à existência de oito geadas é de 13,93%. E em São Gabriel do Oeste, verificou-se que existe uma probabilidade de 13,81% de ocorrer até oito geadas. A temperatura mínima do ar é registrada em abrigo meteorológico, enquanto a temperatura mínima de relva é registrada próximo à superfície do solo. Foi utilizado a Distribuição de Poisson para mensurar se ocorreram mudanças de temperaturas adversas nos períodos de outubro a março, entre 2008 a 2014 impondo risco a estas culturas.

ABSTRACT The influence of climate on agriculture has been constantly discussed in the academic setting. In this context, the results presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that the sector most affected is agriculture. Brazil has an important role in this context, as a major world agricultural producer. The objective of this article is to verify the effects, without taking into account the production of the grains of each crop, but the minimum temperature on corn and soybean crops in the municipalities of Campo Grande, Chapadão do Sul, Dourados, Maracaju and São Gabriel do West in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul from 2008 to 2014, where the most recurrent probability of temperature is 5ºC to 14ºC. It was observed that there is great variability of temperature in Campo Grande of 14.70% for three frosts. Chapadão do Sul, the predominance is 17.25% of four frosts occur. In Dourados it can be verified that the predominance of two frosts is 27.07%. Maracaju can occur to the existence of eight frosts is 13.93%. And in São Gabriel do Oeste, it was found that there is a 13.81% probability of occurring up to eight frosts. The minimum air temperature is recorded under weather conditions while the minimum grass temperature is recorded near the surface of the ground. The Poisson distribution was used to measure if adverse temperature changes occurred between October and March, between 2008 and 2014, posing a risk to these crops.

Effect of fungicides on anthracnose (Colletotrichum fragariae Brooks) on strawberry plants [Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier]

RESUMEN La alta rentabilidad y adaptabilidad que presenta la frutilla en Paraguay se ven afectados negativamente por el aumento progresivo de la incidencia de la antracnosis en la planta. Con el fin de seleccionar un fungicida que controle eficazmente la enfermedad, se evaluó el efecto de los productos y para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos, en laboratorio e invernadero de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. En el experimento in vitro, se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición micelial, se establecieron 22 tratamientos y ocho repeticiones que consistieron en diferentes fungicidas y el testigo; la unidad experimental estaba constituida por una placa de Petri. En el experimento in vivo se determinó la incidencia, severidad, intensidad de daño, contenido de clorofila y NDVI; los 13 tratamientos y cinco repeticiones estuvieron conformados por los diferentes fungicidas y un testigo; la unidad experimental consistió en tres plantas de frutilla. Para ambos experimentos se utilizó el diseño completamente al azar. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza y al Test de Tukey al 5%. Los resultados in vitro indicaron que los fungicidas triazoles, estrobilurinas, en mezclas; y el mancozeb inhibieron el 100% de Colletotrichum fragariae. En condiciones in vivo, el efecto de los productos Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin+Cyproconazole, Mancozeb y Azoxystrobin+Propiconazole+Difenoconazole sobre la incidencia fue moderada y redujeron en un 51-63% la severidad y en un 60-77% la intensidad de daño de la antracnosis. Las plantas que fueron tratadas con Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin presentaron mayor contenido de clorofila.

ABSTRACT High profitability and adaptability that presents strawberry production in Paraguay are affected negatively by the continuous increase of incidence of anthracnose. In order to select a fungicide that effectively controls the disease, it was assessed the effect of the products; for that, two experiments were conducted, in laboratory and greenhouse in the College of Agricultural Sciences of the National University of Asuncion. On in vitro experiment, it was determined the percentage of mycelium inhibition, there was established 22 treatments and eight replications, which consisted of different fungicides and a control; the experimental unit was composed by one Petri plate. On in vivo experiment, it was determined the incidence, severity, intensity of damage, chlorophyll content and NDVI; 13 treatments and five replications were composed by the different fungicides and the control; the experimental unit consisted of three strawberry’s plants. The completely randomized design was used for both experiments. The data obtained was submitted to variance analysis and Test of Tukey 5%. In vitro results indicated Colletotrichum fragariae was inhibited completely by the triazoles, strobilurins, in mixtures; and mancozeb. During in vivo trials, the products Mancozeb, Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin+Cyproconazole and Azoxystrobin+Propiconazole+Difenoconazole presented moderate incidence and reduced 51-63% of severity and 60-77% of intensity of damage of anthracnose. The strawberry plants treated with Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin resulted in a major chlorophyll content.

Processing and physico-chemical properties of coconut pulp (Acrocomia aculeata) for use as an ingredient in a foodstuff

RESUMEN Los productos que se obtienen a partir de los frutos del cocotero (Acrocomia aculeata) son varios. Sin embargo la pulpa se utiliza en menor proporción debido a la elevada acidez de su aceite y su alto contenido graso que dificulta su conservación para fines alimenticios. Si bien la pulpa es de consumo humano, para obtener un alimento seguro, es necesario el conocimiento del proceso de obtención y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la pulpa resultante de dos procesos de obtención, una que utilizó el método tradicional (Proceso 1) y otro en el cual los frutos enteros del coco se expusieron a pre-secado (Proceso 2) con el fin de evaluar la posterior aplicación de la pulpa en la elaboración de un producto alimenticio. Para la determinación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la pulpa obtenida se utilizaron métodos estandarizados de The Grain and Feed Trade Association y para evaluar el producto alimenticio se utilizaron pruebas de preferencia. La pulpa de coco obtenida por el Proceso 2 tuvo un mejor rendimiento, reducciones del 32,8% en contenido graso, 8,1% en humedad, 50% en la acidez del aceite y en su valor calórico. Posteriormente la pulpa fue aplicada como aglutinante en la elaboración de barras de cereal con sésamo, resultando ser la de mayor preferencia la proporción D entre cuatro formulaciones.

ABSTRACT The products obtained from the fruit of the coconut palm (Acrocomia aculeata) are several. However, the pulp is used to a lesser extent due to the high acidity of its oil and its high fat content, which hinders its conservation for food purposes. Although the pulp is for human consumption, to obtain a safe food is necessary the knowledge of the process and its physicochemical properties. The objective of this study was to determine the physico-chemical properties of the resulting pulp of two processes for obtaining, one that used the traditional method (process 1) and another in which the whole fruit of the coconut was exposed to pre-drying (process 2) in order to evaluate the subsequent application of the pulp in the manufacture of a foodstuff. Standardized methods of The Grain and Feed Trade Association were used to determine the physic-chemical properties of the pulp obtained and preference tests were used to evaluate the foodstuff. Coconut pulp obtained by the Process 2 had better performance, 32.8% reductions in fat content, 8.1% in humidity, 50% in the acidity of the oil and its caloric value. Afterwards, the coconut pulp was applied as a binder in the production of cereal bars with sesame resulting to be preference to D ratio among four formulations.

Influence of environmental factors on the zooplankton community of the artificial lagoons in Ñu Guasú Park, Central Department, Paraguay

RESUMEN El zooplancton es un integrante importante dentro de la comunidad biótica en un ecosistema acuático ya que actúan como bioindicadores, es por eso que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de los factores ambientales sobre la diversidad zooplanctónica en las lagunas del Parque Ñu Guasú. Para ello se tomaron muestras de agua, se midieron in situ el pH, la conductividad, la temperatura y el oxígeno disuelto y en el laboratorio la DBO5, la DQO, la turbidez, el Nitrógeno Total y el Fósforo Total. Para los análisis biológicos se determinaron la riqueza específica y la abundancia y se emplearon el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y el análisis de redundancia canónica (RDA). Se registraron diez morfotaxas siendo los rotíferos los más abundantes. Se identificaron 8 especies en la Laguna 1 y 7 especies en la Laguna 2. La abundancia en la Laguna 1 y 2 fue de 90 y 87 individuos respectivamente. Los factores ambientales tuvieron mayor influencia sobre las especies en la Laguna 1 fueron el Fósforo Total, la transparencia y la temperatura frente a Philodina sp. Macrothrix elegans y Sida crystallina, mientras que en la Laguna 2, el Nitrógeno Total, el Fósforo Total y el pH tuvieron mayor relación con las especies Keratella cochlearis, Alona sp., Sida crystallina y Eudiaptomus gracilis concluyendo la comunidad de zooplancton de ambas lagunas respondió de distinta manera a los factores ambientales.

ABSTRACT Zooplankton is an important component in the biotic community in an aquatic ecosystem because they act as bio-indicators. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of environmental factors on zooplankton diversity in the lagoons of the ÑuGuasú Park. Water samples were taken and were measured in situ pH, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen; in the laboratory and BOD5, COD, turbidity, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. For biological analysis, species richness and abundance were determined with Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical redundancy analysis (RDA). 10 species were recorded being rotifers the most abundant with 9 species in Laguna 1 and 8 species in Laguna 2. The abundance in Laguna 1 and 2 was identified 90 and 87 individuals respectively. The environmental factors had greater influence on the species in Lagoon 1 were Total Phosphorus, tansparency and temperature compared to Philodina sp. Macrothrixelegans and Sidacrystallina, while in Laguna 2, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus and pH had greater relationship with the species Keratellacochlearis, Alona sp., Sidacrystallina and Eudiaptomusgracilis concluding the zooplankton community of both lagoons responded in different ways to environmental factors.

Arboreal vegetation dynamics of the Estepa Seasonal Sabana in the Espinillo State Park

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la dinámica de las principales especies arbóreas, en una comunidad de Estepa estacional de sabana, localizada en el Parque Estatal de Espinillo, Barra do Quaraí - Rio Grande do Sul, durante un periodo de ocho años (2001-2009). A partir de informaciones sobre la dinámica, es posible evaluar los cambios en la estructura de la vegetación, con base en las tasas de mortalidad, ingreso y crecimiento de sus individuos. Para el análisis de los datos fue instalada una unidad de muestreo permanente de 1 ha (100 x 100 m), subdividida en subunidades de 100 m² (10 x 10 m). Fueron medidos e identificados todos los árboles con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) ≥ 10 cm. Durante el período monitoreado fueron registrados 178 individuos pertenecientes a ocho especies diferentes. Las especies Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Vachellia caven, Prosopis nigra y Prosopis affinis representan el 82,58% del total de individuos, siendo 54,49% del género Prosopis. Los individuos fueron distribuidos en ocho clases diamétricas, estando un 91,57% dentro de las tres primeras clases de diámetro. Fue verificada una tasa anual de ingreso del 1,61% y de mortalidad del 0,70%. El incremento medio del DAP entre los años 2001 y 2009 fue de 0,053 cm/año. El área analizada presentó alteración en la dinámica, con un índice de ingreso anual mayor que el de mortalidad, demostrando que la vegetación se encuentra en proceso de crecimiento.

ABSTRACT This study aim to evaluate the dynamics of the main tree species in a seasonal steppe savannah community, located in the Espinilho Park, Barra do Quaraí - RS, throughout a period of eight years (2001-2009). From information on the dynamics, it is possible to assess changes in vegetation structure, based on mortality, recruitment and growth rates of its individuals. Permanent sample plots of 1 ha (100 x 100 m), divided into sub-units of 100 m² (10 x 10 m) were established for data collection. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured. Throughout the study period, 178 individuals from eight different species were recorded. The species Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Vachellia caven, Prosopis nigra and Prosopis affinis represent 82.58% of all individuals, which 54.49% comprise Prosopis genus only. Individuals were distributed in eight diameter classes, although 91.57% of them were from the first three diameter classes. An annual recruitment rate of 1.61% and a 0.70% mortality rate were observed. The average increase in DBH between the years 2001 and 2009 was 0.053 cm/year. The studied area showed a change in the dynamics with an annual recruitment rate greater than the mortality, indicating that the community is still growing.

Seeds of Salvia hispanica L., "chia" as a source of macronutrients, dietary fiber and minerals

RESUMEN El propósito de la presente investigación fue determinar el contenido de macronutrientes, fibra alimentaria, humedad y minerales en semillas de Salvia hispanica L. La determinación de humedad se realizó en estufa convencional hasta peso constante, proteínas por el método de kjeldahl, lípidos por soxhlet, fibra alimentaria con método enzimático gravimétrico, minerales por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, carbohidratos por el método colorimétrico de antrona y el valor calórico se determinó por cálculos. Con los resultados obtenidos se observó que las semillas de chía presentan un contenido importante de fibra alimentaria 41,4 ± 1,20 g/100 g, lípidos totales 22,3 + 0,283 g/100 g, proteínas 17,2 + 0,436 g/100 g y carbohidratos totales 8,46 ± 0,085 g/100 g. Los minerales encontrados en mayor concentración fueron potasio 617 ± 26,6 mg/100 g, calcio 532 ± 15,1 mg/100 g, magnesio 81,5 ± 2,25 mg/100 g, hierro 10,8 ± 0,636 mg/100 g y en menor concentración sodio 8,97 ± 0,82 mg/100 g y cinc 4,03 ± 0,09 mg/100 g. Las semillas de chía se destacan como fuente de fibra alimentaria, potasio, calcio, magnesio y hierro. Su bajo nivel de sodio lo hace recomendable para dietas con baja ingesta de sodio. Su consumo podría contribuir a una dieta variada y saludable.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to determine the content of macronutrients, dietary fiber, moisture and minerals in Salvia hispanica L.’s seeds. Moisture determination was carried out in a conventional oven until constant weight, proteins by the kjeldahl method, lipids by soxhlet, dietary fiber by the enzymatic gravimetric method and minerals by atomic absorption equipment, the anthrone colorimetric method was used for carbohydrates and the caloric value was determined by calculations. From the results, it can be informed that chia`s seeds have a significant content of dietary fiber 41.4 ± 1.20 g/100 g, lipids 22.3 + 0.283 g/100 g, protein 17.2 + 0.436 g/100 g and carbohydrates 8.46 ± 0.085 g/100 g. The minerals founded in greater concentration were potassium 617 ± 26.6 mg/100 g, calcium 532 ± 15.1 mg/100 g, magnesium 81.5 ± 2.25 mg/100 g, iron 10.8 ± 0.636 mg/100 g, in lower concentration sodium 8.97 ± 0.82 mg/100 g and zinc 4.03 ± 0.09 mg/100 g. Chia`s seeds stand out as a source of dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. Its low level of sodium makes it suitable for diets with low sodium intake. The consuming of chia seeds could contribute to a varied and healthy diet.

Natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) present in wheat growing areas in Paraguay

RESUMEN En los agroecosistemas, existen enemigos naturales controladores de áfidos de cereales, regulando la población de los mismos. El estudio de la identificación y cuantificación es importante para el manejo integrado de plagas del trigo. La investigación tiene como objetivo identificar familias de predadores y especies de parasitoides de áfidos presentes en cultivos de trigo en los departamentos de; Alto Paraná, Itapúa, Caaguazú y San Pedro. Los insectos fueron colectados semanalmente en trampas tipo Moericke instaladas en cultivos de trigo, desde el inicio de la emergencia de las plántulas hasta la etapa final, entre los meses de mayo a octubre del año 2014. Fueron identificados nueve especies de parasitoides, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Ephedrus plagiator, Praon gallicum, Praon volucre, Aphidius colemani, Aphidius picipes, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius uzbekistanicus, Aphidius rhopalosiphi y cuatro familias de predadores de Hemerobiidae, Coccinellidae. Coenagrionidae, Chrysopidae.

ABSTRACT In agroecosystems, there are natural enemies controlling cereal aphids, regulating their population. The study of identification and quantification is important for the integrated pest management of wheat. The research aims to identify families of predators and aphid parasitoids present in wheat crops in the departments of; Alto Paraná, Itapúa, Caaguazú and San Pedro. The insects were collected weekly from Moericke traps installed in wheat crops, from the beginning of emergence of the seedlings to the final stage, between May and October 2014. Nine species of parasitoids were identified, Lysiphlebustestaceipes, Ephedrusplagiator, Praongallicum, Praonvolucre, Aphidiuscolemani, Aphidiuspicipes, Aphidiuservi, Aphidiusuzbekistanicus, Aphidiusrhopalosiphi and four families of predators of Hemerobiidae, Coccinellidae. Coenagrionidae, Chrysopidae.

Molecular identification of Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Heliothinae) in Amambay Department, Paraguay

ABSTRACT The Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Heliothinae) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest distributed throughout South America. The objective of this research was to identify by PCR-RFLP molecular analysis, the presence of H. armigera in the Amambay region in Paraguay. Delta traps with sexual pheromone were deployed in the 2016/2017 season soybean crop distributed at the following locations: Pedro Juan Caballero, Zanja Pytã, Capitán Bado, Karapã’ĩ and Bella Vista Norte. Sampling cloth was used for collecting caterpillars. The collected specimens were sorted by external morphological characters, individualized in labeled jars containing pure alcohol. 24 samples were sent to the Arthropods Molecular Ecology Laboratory ESALQ/USP for identification by PCR-RFLP molecular analysis. Ten specimens of H. armigera belonging to Fortuna and Zanja Pytã were identified. Ten other specimens were identified as H. zea belonging to Cerro Cora'i, Captain Bado, Cerro Kuatiá and Karapã’ĩ. The remaining four samples did not amplify by PCR-RFLP. The analysis revealed the occurrence of H. armigera in soybean and maize crops in the northern region of Paraguay.

RESUMEN Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Heliothinae) es una plaga polífaga y cosmopolita que se distribuye por América del Sur. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar mediante técnica molecular PCR-RFLP la presencia de la H. armígera en la región del Amambay, Paraguay. Se instalaron trampas tipo delta con feromona sexual distribuidas en las localidades de Pedro Juan Caballero, Zanja Pytã, Capitán Bado, Karapã’ĩ y Bella Vista Norte en cultivos de soja zafra 2016/2017. Se utilizó paño de muestreo para colecta de orugas. Los especímenes colectados fueron seleccionados mediante caracteres morfológicos externos, individualizados en frascos, etiquetados con alcohol puro. Para identificación por análisis molecular PCR-RFLP se remitieron 24 muestras al laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Artrópodos, ESALQ/USP. Se identificaron diez especímenes de H. armígera provenientes de las localidades de Fortuna y Zanja Pytã. Otros diez especímenes se identificaron como H. zea provenientes de Cerro Cora´i, Capitán Bado, Cerro Kuatiá y Karapã’ĩ. Las cuatro muestras restantes no amplificaron por la técnica PCR-RFLP. El análisis reveló la ocurrencia de la H. armígera en cultivos de soja y maíz de la región norte del Paraguay.